Hormones and Endocrine Drugs

Epalrestat is a carboxylic acid derivative and a noncompetitive and reversible aldose reductase inhibitor used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, which is one of the most common long-term complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. It reduces the accumulation of intracellular sorbitol which is believed to be the cause of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy It is well tolerated, with the most commonly reported adverse effects being gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and vomiting, as well as increases in certain liver enzymes. Chemically, epalrestat is unusual in that it is a drug that contains a rhodanine group. Aldose reductase is the key enzyme in the polyol pathway whose enhanced activity is the basis of diabetic neuropathy. Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARI) target this enzyme. Out of the many ARIs developed, ranirestat and fidarestat are in the trial stage. Others have been discarded due to unacceptable adverse effects or weak efficacy. Epalrestat is the only ARI commercially available. It is easily absorbed into the neural tissue and inhibits the enzyme with minimum side effects.

Eplerenone, a new selective aldosterone receptor antagonist, was approved by the State Food and Drug Administration for clinical application in 2002. It has a stronger antagonistic effect on aldosterone than spironolactone, and has a very low affinity for androgen and progesterone receptors. It has a definite curative effect on the treatment of high blood pressure, heart failure and myocardial infarction with less adverse reactions and good tolerance, It is a good substitute for spironolactone. For severe hypertension which can not be controlled by combination of antihypertensive drugs, eplerenone can significantly reduce blood pressure, especially systolic blood pressure. It is closely related to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and β Receptor blockers can improve the quality of life and reduce mortality in patients with severe heart failure and myocardial infarction.

Medicinal efficacy: improving and controlling blood sugar is the latest treatment for type II diabetes.

Mirogabalin (DS-5565) is a drug developed by Daiichi Sankyo and related to drugs such as gabapentin and pregabalin. Similarly to these drugs, mirogabalin binds to the α2δ calcium channels (1 and 2), but with significantly higher potency than pregabalin. It has shown promising results in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, and is currently in Phase III trials.

Deflazacort is the third generation glucocorticoid, which has the effects of anti-inflammatory, anti allergic and increasing gluconeogenesis. It is used for primary or secondary adrenocortical dysfunction, rheumatism, collagen diseases, hematopoietic system diseases, ulcerative colitis, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, hematopoietic system malignant tumor, allergic and allergic diseases, and combined with anti tuberculosis drugs in the treatment of fulminant and disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis.